Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Fall of The House of Usher Essay Example For Students

Fall of The House of Usher Essay Edgar Allan Poe wrote, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, using characterization, and imagery to depict fear, terror, and darkness on the human mind. Roderick and his twin sister, Madeline, are the last of the all time-honored House of Usher (Jacobs and Roberts, pg. 462). They are both suffering from rather strange illnesses, which may be attributed to the intermarriage of the family. Roderick suffers from â€Å"a morbid acuteness of the senses†(464), while Madeline’s illness is characterized by â€Å" a settled apathy, a gradual wasting away of the person, and frequent all though transient affections of a partly cataleptical character†(465) which caused her to lose consciousness and feeling. The body would eventually assume a deathlike rigidity. Roderick believes the house is controlling his condition. He calls on the narrator, a boyhood friend, in a last ditch effort to cheer his life up by giving him someone to communicate with. The narrator arrives to a house of gloom and darkness with decaying furniture. He immediately is afraid for his life and wonders how his friend can live in a house of such darkness. Several days pass and it is filled with art discussions, guitar playing, and literature reading, all in an effort to keep Roderick’s mind busy (465). The narrator and Roderick prematurely encoffined Madeline in a vault in hopes to alleviate his metal condition. She is either dead, in a coma, or a vampire; Poe allows the reader to make his own assumption. She is possibly a vampire because they bolt down the coffin hoping she will not escape. As some days pass his mental condition worsens related to the fear and terror of the noises coming from the vault. The narrator is unaware if the noises are coming from the coffin, but he believes they are all throughout the house. As they are reading literature in the study, there is a loud knock at the door; it is Madeline at the door, embodied in blood from scratching her way o ut of the coffin. The narrator realizes they buried her alive and looks to Roderick for answers. Roderick, terrified, is unable to look at Madeline, realizing that death has come for him. Madeline proceeds to walk towards Roderick and falls on him, the reader assumes that she begins to eat him but the narrator flees in fear of death. â€Å"†¦. there did stand the lofty and enshrouded figure of the lady Madeline of Usher. There was blood upon her white robes, and the evidence of some bitter struggle upon every portion of her emaciated frame. For a moment she remained trembling and reelingto and fro upon the threshold- then, with a low moaning cry, fell heavily inward upon†¦her brother, and in her violent and now final death-agonies, bore him to the floor a corpse†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Jacobs and Roberts, pg. 473). Suddenly the wrath of the storm increased, and the mansion began to shake and crumble. The narrator frantically fled from the mansion in terror. Only once did he glance back at the mansion, when a wild light arrested his attention. â€Å"The radiance was that of the full, setting, and blood red moon, which now shone vividly through that once barely-discernible fissure†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There was a loud explosion, and the walls of the mansion came crashing down. Deep and dank tarn closed sullenly and silently of over the fragments of the â€Å"House of Usher.† Poe introduces three characters: Lady Madeline, Roderick Usher, and the narrator, whose name is never given. Lady Madeline, twin sister of Roderick Usher, does not utter a single word throughout the story. In fact, she is absent from most of the story. At the narrator’s arrival, she takes to her bed and galls into a catatonic state. He helps bury her in a vault, but when she reappears, he flees. Poe seems to present her as a ghostlike figure. Before she was buried, she roamed around the house quietly. According to the narrator, Lady Madeline â€Å"passed slowly through a remote por tion of the apartment, and without having noticed his presence, disappeared†(465). Overall Madeline Usher appears to be completely overcome by a mental disorder. Roderick Usher, the head of the house, is an educated man, descending from a wealthy family. Once an attractive man, â€Å"the character of his face had been at all time remarkable† (464). However, his appearance had since deteriorated. Roderick had changed so much that â€Å"the narrator doubted to whom he spoke†(464). Roderick’s altered appearance probably was caused by his mental condition overtaking his body. The narrator notes various symptoms of insanity from Roderick’s behaviors: â€Å"in the manner of my friend I was struck with an incoherence†¦an inconsistency†¦habitual trepidancy, and excessive nervous agitation. His action was alternately vivacious and sullen. His voice varied rapidly from a tremulous indecision to that of the lost drunkard, or the irreclaimable eater of opium†(464). These are â€Å"the features of the mental disorder of the narrator’s friend†(465). Roderick’s state worsens throughout the story. He becomes increasingly restless and unstable, especially after the burial of his sister.He is unable to sleep and claims that he hears noises. In contrast to Roderick, the narrator appears to be a man of common sense. He seems to be a compassionate man coming to comfort a dying friend from boyhood. He seems educated and analytic. He observes Usher and concludes that his friend has a mental disorder. The narrator’s tone suggests that he cannot understand Usher. However, he himself is superstitious.When he looks upon the house, even before he met Roderick Usher, he observes â€Å"here can be no doubt that the consciousness of the rapid increase of my superstition† (463). The narrator also automatically turns away from an unpleasant truth by reasoning or by redirecting his focus. When he and Roderick go down to bury Madeline, he speculates that she may not be completely dead yet. Studying her face, he notes â€Å"the mockery of faint blush upon the bosom and the face†(469). Yet, rather than mentioning his suspicion to his friend, he remains silent and continues the burial. Furthermore, when Roderick claims that there are ghosts in the house, the narrator feels fear too, but he dismisses the fear by attributing it to natural causes. He tells Roderick that â€Å"the appearances are merely not uncommon†(470). In the end, this fear finally overcomes him. Although the narrator had been able to suppress his fears, Lady Madeline’s reappearance runs him out of the house. The three characters are unique people with distinct characters, but the same type of â€Å"mental disorder† ties them together. All of them suffer from insanity, yet each responds differently. Lady Madeline seems to accept the fact that she is insane and continues her life with that knowled ge. Roderick Usher appears to realize his mental state, and struggles to hold on to his sanity. The narrator, who is slowly contracting the disease, tries to deny what he sees, hears, and senses. He, in the end, escapes from the illness because he flees form the house. Poe uses the imagery and the life-like characteristics of an otherwise decaying house as a device for giving the house a supernatural atmosphere. For example, from the very beginning of the story, the reader can tell that there is something unusual and almost supernatural about the building.As the narrator approaches the home of his long-time friend, Roderick Usher, he refers to the house as the â€Å"melancholy House of Usher†(461). Upon looking at the building, he even describes the feeling he has as â€Å"a sense of insufferable gloom pervading my spirit†(462). The windows appear to be â€Å"vacant,† and â€Å"eye-like† and the narrator goes on to observe the â€Å"rank sedges,† a nd the â€Å"black and lurid tarn,† in which he sees the reflection of the house. Although the narrator tries to view everything in a rational manner, upon seeing the house and its surroundings, he has a heightened sense of superstition. He says that, â€Å"about the whole mansion and domain there hung an atmosphere peculiar to themselves and their immediate vicinity† (463). This statement indicates that perhaps the house does indeed have supernatural characteristics. The narrator observes the details of the house and finds that the house has fungi growing all over it and the masonry of the building is decaying. He says, â€Å" there appeared to be a wild inconsistency between its still perfect adaptation of parts, and the utterly porous, and evidently decayed condition of the individual stones†(463). This observation suggests that perhaps something supernatural is holding the house intact, otherwise it would have fallen to the ground long ago. Upon entering the house, the narrator sees the inside of the house as well as the odd behavior and personality of its inhabitants and is increasingly convinced that the house has some supernatural effect on those who live there. For example, while walking through the passages he is confused as to why familiar objects such as the tapestries on the wall or the trophies fill him with a feeling of increased superstition and he even describes the armorial trophies as â€Å"phantasmagoric† (463). The narrator is remarking on Usher’s strange behavior in the house.He later describes his own superstition late one night before going to bed, â€Å"I endeavored to believe that mush, if not all of what I felt, was due to the bewildering influence of the gloomy furniture of the room†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (470). He also describes feelings of alarm, which he has as causeless, perhaps indicating that the house may in fact be having some effect on him. Throughout the story, Poe gives life-like characteristics t o inanimate objects giving the house a supernatural quality. Fear is a basic element of human emotion that is caused by the expectation or realization of danger. The existence of fear is essential for establishing our beliefs, and the actions we take throughout our lives. The Fall of the House of Usher revolves around this realm of fear, and reveals the importance of facing and overcoming our fears. Poe suggests in the story that the denial of our fears can lead to madness and insanity. This message is especially clear as we follow the deterioration of Roderick Usher’s mind. Upon entering the house, the narrator discovered the true source of Roderick’s illness. â€Å"I feel that I must inevitably abandon life and reason together, in some struggle with the grim phantasm, Fear†(465). Roderick is overwhelmed by the fear he is experiencing and it affects every aspect of his life. It is the constant presence of fear that has caused his illness. Roderick does not know how, or is unwilling to try to overcome his fears. Roderick and his sister is the last of the long line of Usher descendants. â€Å"Her decease would leave him the last of the ancient race of the Ushers†(465). Roderick seems not only to fear death but also the uncertainty the future holds. â€Å"He is enchained by certain superstitious impressions in regard to the dwelling which he tenanted, and from which for many years, he had never ventured forth†(465).The narrator is implying that he leaving the house and facing his fears may relieve Roderick’s mental condition. As a result of Roderick’s fear, however, he is restrained from leaving and does not make the attempt to defeat this enduring power that holds him captive. After Madeline is placed into the vault, Roderick’s fear increases and his insanity becomes more evident.â€Å"He roamed from chamber to chamber with hurried, unequal, and objectless step. The pallor of his countenance has assumed, if possible, a more ghastly hue†(469). The narrator closely studied Roderick and tried to understand his fears, while at the same time he was ignoring the inception of his own fears. Inevitably, the dramatic and intense fear was passed on to the narrator. The narrator does not recognize that his feeling are derived from the fear within him. When Madeline returns from her supposed death both the characters become paralyzed by fear. Roderick is ultimately destroyed by his biggest fear, fear itself. The narrator escaped form the house and its eventual collapse, but not necessarily the fear endured. This seems to suggest that fear is continuous and that no salvation exists. The recurring concept of fear in the story shows its power and impact on humanity. Poe shows that ultimately we must recognize our fears in order to overcome them. Although Roderick is very much alive, his appearance would indicate death and his behavior show signs of deteriorating sanity.â€Å"The fissure in the house seen earlier by the narrator symbolizes Roderick’s deteriorating mental condition, as well†(Lopez, Steve, pg.3). Upon the narrator’s entrance into the room, Roderick remarks on â€Å"the solace he expected to afford him†(Poe, 668). Perhaps Roderick knows of some evil to come and he occupies his time with reading, music and the company of his old friend so that he will not go crazy. This indicates that perhaps Roderick is aware of some supernatural element belonging to the house. The fact that the two remaining members of the House of Usher appear so deathly, may be a sign of the final end to the family. Later, upon putting Madeline’s supposedly dead body in a vault, the narrator notices the unusually healthy complexion of the deceased Madeline. He tries to rationalize what he sees by concluding that it must have been caused by her particular illness. The fact that the color in her face is mentioned may be a sign that perhaps she is not rea lly dead and that she may reappear later in the story. The narrator remarks, â€Å"There were times, indeed, when I thought his unceasingly agitated mind was laboring with on oppressive secret, to divulge which he struggled for the necessary courage†(Poe, 673). The narrator also comments on how Roderick seems to stare at nothing and appears to be â€Å"listening to some imaginary sound†(Poe, 673). Again, this may be another hint of some evil occurrence yet to happen. Roderick does in fact lose his sanity as well as his life when Madeline reappears before him and the narrator at the end of the story. In conclusion, Poe’s use of characterization and imagery to depict fear and darkness truly makes The Fall of the House of Usher a story of the battle with fear that we must face in order to free our mind. Bibliography:Works CitedAbel, Darrel. A Key to The House of Usher. Interpretations of American Literature. Ed. Charles Feidelson, Jr. and Paul Brodtkorb, Jr. New Yo rk: Oxford University Press, 1959. Jacobs, Henry E. and Roberts, EdgarV. An Introduction to Reading and Writing. 5th Ed.: SimonSchuster: New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1998: pgs. 461-473. Lopez, Steve. Personal interpretation of â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher.† Poe, Edgar Allan. The Fall of the House of Usher. The American Tradition in Literature 8th Ed. George and Barbara Perkins. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994: pgs. 1511-1523, 673-678. Walker, I. M. The Legitimate Sources of Terror in The Fall of the House of Usher. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Poes Tales. Ed. William L. Howarth. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971. Mental Health Counseling Essay

Sunday, April 26, 2020

The Ancient Asia Essay Topics Game

The Ancient Asia Essay Topics Game Normally, having three important arguments to demonstrate your point is sufficient for a convincing paper. When you settle on this issue and pick the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. Any idea can prove to be a wonderful foundation for a topic. Another good idea is to receive some completely free essay examples of different sorts and on various subjects to find a general idea of the way in which a thriving debatable paper looks. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the main point to do is to select a topic and an argument which you can really get behind. Persuade your friend to see the movie you desire. At the exact same time, it's a wonderful persuasive essay idea. The very first thing you've got to realize searching for an ideal topic is that your opinion is the thing that matters the most. Ancient Asia Essay Topics - the Story Homosexuality isn't a disease. Deciding upon the most suitable topic for a persuasive speech may be not such an easy issue to do as it might seem. Sure, with this kind of a massive number of topics to pick from, picking just one may be challenging. Possessing fantastic research abilities and selecting an excellent topic is vital. A broad subject always seems simpler to write about as it is possible to locate a lot of materials about it. Even a student can begin a business online. To begin with, if you're arranging a persuasive speech, you ought to thin k about a topic that may create mental pictures in the minds of your audience. An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. Although having the ability to write persuasively can look like a difficult thing for children to learn, remind them that everyone has valid opinions. The objective of brainstorming is to aid you in getting ideas. Having selected a very good topic to argue about, at this point you need to make an argumentative essay outline. Possessing no notion of the persuasive essay topics, you just do not understand what to write about. Take notes concerning all prospective topics you're able to consider. Selecting an excellent topic for your essay is among the most essential and frequently tricky parts for many students. Clearly, you shouldn't purposely choose a topic that will bore your audience. Still, you ought to make your topic more specific. Qualities of a fantastic persuasive essay topic The topic ought to be specific. Naturally, topics which are still relevant in 2018 are the very best. To defend your subject, you might recall the effect of overloaded schedule on college grades. The value of research in persuasive writing cannot be overstated. Examples might also be included in each one of the body paragraphs to more support and clarify your primary points. The New Angle On Ancient Asia Essay Topics Just Released Then you're interested in figuring out how to compose persuasive paper. In general, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery. Homework should be quite light. The Do's and Don'ts of Ancient Asia Essay Topics Good persuasive essay topics must be persuasive. Remember, they don't have to be politically correct all the time, they can be controversi al. All persuasive essays are like argumentative essays. Always remember an ideal persuasive essay ought to be persuasive. There are many intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to think about doing it. There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. If it's a college essay, it is critical to consider what aspects of it is going to be evaluated. Just comply with the guidelines stated above, and you're going to be well on your way to writing a great persuasive essay.

Is There A Fun Way To Get Involved With Philosophy Paper Topics?

Is There A Fun Way To Get Involved With Philosophy Paper Topics?So, how do you choose between different philosophy paper topics? You need to understand some things to be able to make the right choice.I first started getting interested in philosophy back in junior high. And I remember getting really sick of 'Intro to Philosophy' papers being all the same. I had this idea that it would be great if there were other students out there that were interested in learning philosophy.It turned out that there were different ones, so I thought I should get involved. One thing I quickly found out was that there was a lot of competition when it came to those kinds of topics. In my opinion, it was a good way to see how good the student would be at all of the different topics they were given.The interesting ways that the people who gave those papers decided to do so and the different things that they did seem to have an impact on the students who took them. When you hear about all of the different m ethods that were used, it becomes clear that this is a very good way to get involved.You can tell just by looking at the different methods that were used if the student got involved with the course because of the different methods that were used. The fact that it is not just one method that is used makes the whole thing more interesting. It brings a whole new thought process that is very attractive.There are some students that have problems with the subjects they get involved with because they don't think they know enough. That is probably the number one problem with most of the courses I take. It is hard to get motivated to stay with something when they don't think they can get better at it.It's so easy to fall behind because of the pressure that comes with taking the courses. But with any of the different topics, it is easy to find a way to get involved and make the most of the classes that are being taught.

Research Paper Topics on Family Law

Research Paper Topics on Family LawWhen I started my Ph.D. program in family law a number of years ago, there were very few, if any, research paper topics on family law topics for the first year. What's more, in the first two years of the course syllabus was so sparse that the students had to go through the same materials and situations over again, which made it impossible to get some of the deeper research in.I didn't realize this at the time but having a research paper topic in family law will allow you to cover an issue or a specific topic that is relevant to your area of specialization. Let's look at some examples. First off, if you are researching child custody or visitation rights for divorce, then you would have to research the issue from both sides.When I did my research paper topics on family law for my dissertation, I would start by learning as much as I could about the case, and then dive into the issues of the day. The second step would be to write a chapter about the cas e, and then start writing chapters about issues of divorce, child custody, visitation, etc. After that, you could go on to write chapters on research methods, references, statistics, and much more.One last example of why researching family law should be part of a research paper topic is for cases involving paternity. Paternity suits and other paternity issues are a huge topic in the field of genetics, and you don't want to leave anything out! If you have time to prepare a research paper topic on paternity, then you are probably already prepared to do it, because it isn't all that hard!Of course, you should always have a variety of questions that you can ask in your research, since you can't ask them all at once, and since there are different research methods and forms you could use. You can either do a case study or a web site, and of course you can always use phone surveys to gather information for your research paper topics on family law.The web site form, as I mentioned above, al lows you to collect data and then try to answer them in a completely legitimate way. If there is a legal issue, there are many different methods that you can use to try to prove the case, and there are even people out there who have studied this issue for a living.In the end, the best method I've found for gathering data is to make your research about a different method each time. For example, if you are researching child custody, you can go ahead and study child custody issues using the 'tribal court' method, and you can go ahead and study child custody issues using the 'individual civil court' method.

Writing Two Pages of Essay Using the Crucible Mini Quiz Essay

Writing Two Pages of Essay Using the Crucible Mini Quiz EssayThe crucible mini Q essay is an exact duplicate of the one-page essay you wrote last year. But since the time has changed and you've graduated college and now work at a restaurant, the need for a two-page essay has been replaced by a one-page essay.Here are two simple ideas to help you take your exam help. You will find the same ones used by Princeton students who appear on an A-B test from George Washington University. You'll find the same one-page sample essays are used by State university admissions officers at the Ivy League universities.Write an essay. That's all there is to it. It's all in the title of the essay, the order in which you organize your thoughts, and the style and subject you use. So use those steps and take a look at the sample essays.But what if you don't have time to prepare? What if you've got a deadline at work, or just don't feel like reading a four-page essay? In that case the easiest way to resear ch a great two-page essay for this semester is by looking at samples of a two-page essay. You'll get the idea of what to write in one paragraph, but all the rest is left up to you.That's because there are hundreds of sample essays online, written by professors' undergrads from all over the country. The crucible mini Q essay is copied directly from them. They know how to structure a two-page essay, so they are the best sample you can have. You're free to use their ideas as the basis for your own.The result is that you will write your own idea on your own time. You will compose your thoughts for a few minutes, then revise and edit as you go along. Then you'll get back to work writing your essay for your class.All the sample essays come with notes and explanations, so that you can work through them one at a time. If you want to learn more about how to do it, and start using the sample essays right away, you'll find that information at crucible.com. You'll also find some links to the ac tual two-page essays. It's all free to you, and very much worth the try.

Tuesday, April 14, 2020

Alternative Lifestyles free essay sample

An alternative lifestyle is a lifestyle generally perceived to be outside the cultural norm. A vegetarian is a person who does not eat meat, fish, or fowl or products containing these foods. The eating patterns of vegetarians may vary considerably: †¢ Vegan: follows a strict diet excluding eggs, dairy, and all other animal products; †¢ Lacto-vegetarian: Excludes animal flesh and eggs; †¢ Lacto-ovo-vegetarian: Eats a diet of mainly grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts, dairy products, and eggs, and excludes meat, fish, and poultry; Ovo-vegetarian: Excludes animal flesh and dairy products; So, why should we become a vegetarian? Every minute of every working day, thousands of animals are killed in slaughter-houses. Every year, more than 27 billion animals (including fish) are killed for food in the United States alone. Animals who die for our dinner table die alone, in terror, in sadness and in pain. Anyone who eats meat condones and supports the way animals are treated. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Lifestyles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Animals suffer from pain and fear just as much as we do. Because when animals feel pain, they scream, too. If we burn them, they feel it. If we give them electric shocks, they feel it. Because they will not be able to lay eggs. There are no rules about how this mass slaughter takes place. Some are crushed or suffocated to death. Many are used for fertiliser or to feed other animals. Animals which are a year old are often far more rational and capable of logical thought than six week old babies. Pigs and sheep are far more intelligent than small children. Eating dead animals is barbaric. What does meat contain? Drugs and hormones There are over 20,000 different drugs, including sterols, antibiotics, growth hormones and other veterinary drugs that are given to livestock animals; Agriculture chemicals animal foods contain far higher concentrations of agricultural chemicals than plant foods, including pesticides, herbicides, etc; High fat plus cholesterol Animal foods are higher in fat than most plant foods, particularly saturated fats.. Modern farm animals are deliberately fattened up to increase profits. Eating fatty meat increases our chances of having a heart attack or developing cancer; Pathogenic microorganisms There are a host of bacteria and viruses, some quite dangerous, that are common to animals. When we eat meat, we eat the organisms that are there; Body wastes Food from animals contain their waste, including adrenaline, urine and lactic acid, etc. , Before adding ketchup, the biggest contributors to the flavor profile of a hamburger are the leftover blood and urine; Excess protein This causes excess nitrogen in the blood that creates a host of long-term health problems. Meat isn’t good for our health †¢ lower rates of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, prostate cancer, and colon cancer. High fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease, several common cancers, and other chronic diseases (such as macular degeneration and cataracts); Vegetarians are fitter than meat eaters. Longevity. Go veg for the world water waste The worlds fresh water shortage is being made worse by animal farming. And meat producers are the biggest polluter s of water. It takes 2500 gallons of water to produce 1 pound of meat. Here we can see a table where it? clear that the gallons of water necessary to produce vegetables and fruits is much lower than to produce meat food.

Thursday, March 12, 2020

Jacques Cartier essays

Jacques Cartier essays Jacques Cartier is recognized as the European discover of the St. Lawrence River, he also discovered the Magdalene Islands and Prince Edward Island. Jacques Cartier was born in 1491 at St. Malo, Brittiany; Cartier made three voyages to North America between 1534 and 1542. On the first (1534), he thoroughly explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence, claimed the Gaspe Peninsula for France, and took two Laurentian Iroquois home with him to learn French. Jacques Cartier is recognized as the European discoverer of the St. Lawrence River. On the second voyage (1535-36), he used the two Indian interpreter-guides to pilot him up the St. Lawrence River to Quebec (Stadacona). He continued to Montreal (Hochelaga) without them but was discouraged from continuing farther west by the rapids and cold weather. Wintering in Quebec (Stadacona), 25 members of his crew died from scurvy before the discovery of a brew of white cedar saved the rest. He arrived back at St. Malo in July 1536. On his third voyage (1541-42), Cartier was obliged to serve under the nominal command of Jean Francois de la Rocque de Roberval, all though the latter did not sail with him. Cartier founded a settlement near Quebec (Stadacona), discovered quartz he thought to be diamonds and iron pyrites he thought to be gold, and again travel as far as Montreal (Hochelaga). He winter near Quebec (Stadacona), where at least 35 members of his crew were apparently kill by Iroquois. This third voyage also helped pave the way for Samuel de Champlains expeditions; it was the search for a Northwest Passage that brought Cartier into the St. Lawrence River in 1534. The colony, under the sieur de Roberval, was a failure, and for the time being France lost interest in Canada. Cartier retired to St-Malo, where he served as an adviser on navigation. He died on September 1, 1557. ...